1. Use parameterized queries - Parameterized queries ensure that user input is treated as data rather than code, preventing attackers from injecting malicious code.
2. Input validation - Validate and sanitize all user inputs before using them in SQL queries. This helps to ensure that only valid data is passed to the database.
3. Avoid dynamic SQL queries - Avoid constructing SQL queries dynamically based on user input, as this can make it easier for attackers to inject malicious code.
4. Least privilege principle - Ensure that database users and applications have minimal privileges necessary to perform their tasks, reducing the potential impact of an SQL injection attack.
5. Use firewalls and intrusion detection systems - Implement web application firewalls and intrusion detection systems to help detect and prevent SQL injection attacks.
6. Regular security testing - Conduct regular security testing, such as penetration testing and code reviews, to identify and remediate any vulnerabilities that could be exploited by SQL injection attacks.
7. Keep software up to date - Ensure that all software components, including web servers, databases, and application frameworks, are regularly patched and updated to address known vulnerabilities.